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Risk of an Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design
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Short Title: Hab
Last Published:
03/29/18 08:54:53 AM (Central)
Element: Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP)
Risk Master Logic Diagram:
Not Available
Risk Ratings and Dispositions per Design Reference Mission (DRM) Category
| DRM Categories | Mission
Duration | Operations | Long-Term Health |
| LxC | Risk Disposition * | LxC | Risk Disposition * |
| Low Earth Orbit | 6 months | Not Available | Not Applicable | Not Available | Not Applicable |
| 1 year | Not Available | Not Applicable | Not Available | Not Applicable |
| Deep Space Sortie | 1 month | Not Available | Not Applicable | Not Available | Not Applicable |
Lunar Visit/
Habitation | 1 year | Not Available | Not Applicable | Not Available | Not Applicable |
Deep Space
Journey/Habitation | 1 year | Not Available | Not Applicable | Not Available | Not Applicable |
| Planetary | 3 years | | Not Applicable | | Not Applicable |
Given that vehicle, habitat, and workspace designs must accommodate variations in human physical characteristics and capabilities, and given that the duration of crew habitation in these space-based environments will be far greater than missions of the past, there is a risk of acute and chronic ergonomic-related disorders, resulting in flight and ground crew errors and inefficiencies, failed mission and program objectives, and an increase in the potential for crew injuries.
To promote safe and efficient human performance during space missions, it is important to consider in the design process not only the effects of microgravity, acceleration, vibration, and other environmental conditions, but also human capabilities and limitations with respect to the use of equipment, and how those may change as crewmembers become deconditioned on long-duration journeys. When these are not considered, there is a risk of incompatible vehicle/habitat design. Examples of short-term effects due to this risk include overexertion, difficulty in reading a checklist due to spacecraft vibrations or inadequate lighting, high temperatures in a module due to inefficient co-location of habitability related hardware and excessive activities, difficulty donning a suit due to inadequate habitable volume, and difficulties communicating with fellow crewmembers due to high levels of noise in the cabin. Performance-related inefficiencies may include unnecessary translations between workstations to complete tasks, and increased task completion time due to difficulty in accessing equipment or lack of restraints for performing tasks requiring stability. Examples of long-term effects include ergonomic-related/ cumulative trauma disorders that are a result of repetitive motions, sustained maintenance of awkward postures, insufficient workspace clearances resulting in frequent over-exertions, suit hardware requiring sustained performance at maximal levels, and permanent hearing loss. Interacting with a vehicle/habitat environment that does not accommodate the crew along all anthropometric ranges, and does not consider human capabilities and limitations, and how these may change during long-duration spaceflight could lead to injuries, crew frustration, and/or mission failure.
The risk of incompatible vehicle/habitat design is broad and represented by eight contributing factors: 1) Anthropometric and biomechanical limitations, 2) Motor skill/coordination or timing, 3) Space and lunar visual environments, 4) Vibration and g-forces, 5) Noise interference, 6) Seating, restraints and equipment, 7)Visibility/window design & placement, and 8) Vehicle/habitat volume/layout. Related factors and risks are linked as appropriate.
One of the most critical enablers of human presence in space has been ensuring that there are human systems standards in place that will provide for crew health as well as standards for habitability, environmental, and human factors. The Space Flight Human System Standards (SFHSS) and the companion Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH) require that each human spaceflight program derive program-specific, verifiable requirements to comply with the standards, and require that each human spaceflight program establish a human factors process involving health and human factors experts. This is to ensure that there will be identification of any standards in the SFHSS that are not applicable (or altered) and the rationale for non-applicability; that all program-level health and human factors requirements are based on the HIDH, cited empirical evidence, or known best practices; and that end-items are in compliance with SFHSS, and agency and program-level requirements and specifications.
The activities cited reflect the need to work toward the mitigation of identified Human Factors risks by continuing to inform the standards, by engagement in the development of the requirements that will implement the standards based upon the resulting products, as well as providing content to the HIDH that will serve as the implementation guide. In addition, products resulting from these activities may provide valuable information to spaceflight programs that can inform the requests for trade studies.
To ensure operational relevance of the deliverables from the tasks, all tasks leaders will identify stakeholders who will work with them in framing the questions and approach.The stakeholders will participate by identifying specific HAB issues requiring research or technology development, by reviewing progress, and by suggesting operational evaluations. Depending on the specific tasks, stakeholders may include engineers or operations personnel familiar with HAB issues in their domain. The approach to mitigating this risk is to develop an understanding of the factors that contribute to this risk, identify gaps in our knowledge about these factors or technology to address these factors, and prioritize these gaps based on various criteria systematically applied. Then the highest priority gaps are addressed through directed or solicited research, depending on the time frame, the complexity and specificity of the gap, and whether access to NASA proprietary data or operational settings is required. Where there is a disconnection between critical gaps requiring addressing and a lack of funding, efforts are made to re-examine programmatic priorities to ensure those of highest concern are being investigated.
The Space Human Factors and Habitability Element also solicits input from its Discipline Integrated Product Team (DIPT). This team aids in the periodic updating of our evidence base (including research, anecdotal findings, and operational information), as well as in the honing and vetting of existing knowledge and research gaps.
After all concerns are mapped to gaps, the gaps are prioritized according to a number of criteria. For example, when we identify needs within the NASA-STD-3001, VOL. II, ‘NASA Space Flight Human System Standard Volume 2: Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health’, these are assigned a very high priority. Ratings are solicited from management representatives of the offices from which gaps were identified.
After prioritization, the gaps that can be addressed within the budget are initiated through directed research or solicited through research announcements. Directed research is chosen for time-critical results. Solicitations are used for gaps that are longer term and that can benefit from wider participation.
At the conclusion of each task, the final report is reviewed and the relevant evidence report is modified or updated to indicate how the results of the research or technology activity address the gaps and contribute to quantifying or mitigating risk or risks. If applicable, the results will also be incorporated into NASA-STD-3001, VOL. II and the HIDH.
Responsible Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP)
Status:
Open
Initial State:
Long-duration missions may require unique and possibly challenging considerations for vehicle/habitat environmental factors (e.g., vehicle layout design, net habitable volume, lighting and noise). We do not know the effect of environmental factors on crew performance within a vehicle/habitat during long-duration missions.
Interim Steps:
- Review current state of knowledge gathered from HAB-04 to develop a candidate list of vehicle/habitat environmental factors that may impact human performance (e.g., acoustics, vibration, lighting).
- Identify areas for solicitation and directed research related to the quantification/characterization of the impact of environmental factors on minimum acceptable NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design.
- Release and implement solicitations and/or initiate directed studies to implement research for identified needs.
- Assess the relevance and maturity of research results from the solicitations, identifying key findings critical for characterizing vehicle/habitat environmental factors that may impact human performance.
- Integrate results to quantify effect sizes and thresholds for vehicle/habitat environmental factors on human performance during long-duration missions.
- Complete Habitability Working Group review of proposed list of key thresholds and ranges related to environment impacts.
Approach:
- Perform data mining and data collection/analysis of spaceflight and analog environment data relevant to vehicle/habitat environmental factors for tasks/scenarios during long-duration missions.
- Solicit research targeted at the effects of vehicle/habitat environmental factors on tasks/scenarios.
Complete Habitability Working Group review of proposed list of key thresholds and ranges related to environment impacts.
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Greene, Maya
Short Title:
ISS Habitability (NHV/HAB Assessment)
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Currently, no established methods exist to collect near real-time human factors and habitability data during spaceflight missions. Human factors and habitability data are instead acquired at the end of missions during post-flight crew debriefs. These debriefs occur weeks or often longer after events have occurred, which forces a significant reliance on human memory. Without a means to collect near real-time data, small issues may have a cumulative effect and continue to cause crew frustration and inefficiencies.
Aim 1: Document /quantify details about crew performance of tasks in a long-duration microgravity environment.
- Compare content of findings to existing documentation, recommending updates to documentation as needed (e.g., Human Performance Data Archive)
- Determine whether mission duration leads to changes in habitability/human factors reporting by crewmembers
- Assess the cost versus benefit of implementing near real-time tools compared to traditional post-mission debriefs.
Aim 2:
- Test the feasibility of conducting a habitat and human factors evaluation using a protocol similar to ISS Habitability in the NEK analog facility.
- Define advantages and disadvantages of using the NEK facility as a long-duration isolation and confinement analog (i.e., the fidelity of the habitat).
These efforts will result in recommendations for future vehicle design layout and minimum net habitable volume (NHV) while addressing specific research needs identified as part of HRP’s 2012 Habitable Volume Workshop and Standing Review Panel comments.
As of August 2017, four of ten analog subjects and six of six spaceflight subjects have completed data collection.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO]
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| Number of Subjects
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10
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Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
The deliverables for this task will be two reports:
1) ISS Habitability Assessment, 2) NEK Habitability Assessment.
The Habitability Assessment deliverable will be a final report summarizing the findings based on data obtained from ISS flight studies related to habitability and human factors issues, such as volume perception, space utilization, privacy, and other habitability-related data.
The NEK Habitability Assessment deliverable will be a final report characterizing the feasibility of using NEK as an analog for human factors and habitability.
These deliverables will contribute to gap closure and risk mitigation by characterizing and quantifying space utilization and “acceptable” habitable volume for space habitats, and identifying tools and technologies for practical and effective monitoring and quantification of habitat space utilization.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
ISS Flight Crew Integration
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
Yes
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Adelstein, Bernard
Short Title:
Lateral Vibration
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
The Space Launch System (SLS) vibration profile is different than Ares profiles tested previously. We do not know the impact of lateral vibration on ability to read displays.
- Determine observer reading task performance in laboratory experiment (i.e., 1-Gx bias) for lateral vibration bracketing the amplitudes of concern (~ 0.25 gzero-peak) over frequency range of interest (10-13 Hz).
This task addressed HAB-03 interim step bullet 5. Results from this study were provided to SLS and Orion stakeholders and were incorporated into the program’s revised thrust oscillation (TO) requirements and/or technical performance measures. The study informed the development of a new requirement by SLS-Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) limiting 10-13 Hz TO-driven lateral vibration to ≤ 0.7 g (peak) and ≤ 0.5 g-rms (5-s running window).
The results are also available for inclusion in Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH) as new information on visual tolerance to 12-Hz lateral vibration. The study also identified needs for future work to be carried out under the appropriate HRP Evidence Report vibration risk statements.
This will close the gap on the effects of 12-Hz lateral vibration on visual performance. A new round of human-in-the-loop testing could become necessary if projected lateral vibration levels were to increase during future vehicle design.
Integration/Unique Aspects:
Orion, Space Launch Systems (SLS) requested this information. Health and Medical Technical Authority (HMTA) and the Astronaut Office were stakeholders.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
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Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Report on observer reading task performance in laboratory experiment (i.e., 1-Gx bias) for lateral vibration bracketing the amplitudes of concern (~ 0.25 gzero-peak) over frequency range of interest (10-13 Hz).
Data from proposed y-axis study at 1-G bias will augment Human Integration Design Handbook vibration section. Requirement(s) resulting from the proposed study can be added to NASA-STD-3001 Vol. 2.
Internal Customers:
None
External Customers:
Vehicle/Mission Definition and Development Programs
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Kaiser, Mary
Short Title:
Vibration+G
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
- Determined display readability under vibration
- Determined display usability under vibration
Findings from this task provided the foundation for the SDBI 1904 - Human Factors Assessment of Vibration Effects on Visual Performance During Launch task.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
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Category:
Study Results
Subcategory:
Customer Requested Study or Analysis
Description:
Report providing initial guidance for evaluating the display trade-space for Constellation vehicles and systems.
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Holden, Kritina
Short Title:
Visual Perf SDBI
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
- Determined visual performance limits during operational vibration and g-loads, specifically through the determination of minimal usable font sizes using Orion-type display formats.
Mitigation/Partial Mitigation: Data from Visual Performance provided insight into display design for users who read displays under extreme vibration such as pilots or race car drivers. The project also offered methodologies for investigating visual performance in situ with real-world constraints.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
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Category:
Standard
Subcategory:
New
Description:
Milestones:
Final report on SDBI 1904 results
Report on Peak vs Extended vibration on readability
Final report to Orion
Final Deliverable:
Recommendations to NASA STD and HIDH to regarding design requirements and mitigating effects of vibration
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Requirement or Guideline
Subcategory:
Vehicle/Suit Design
Description:
Final Deliverable:
Recommendations to Orion to regarding design requirements and mitigating effects of vibration
Internal Customers:
None
External Customers:
Vehicle/Mission Definition and Development Programs
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Allen, Christopher
Short Title:
Acoustics Modeling
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Acoustic modeling can be used to identify key noise sources, determine/analyze sub-allocated requirements, keep track of the accumulation of minor noise sources, and to predict vehicle noise levels at various stages in the development, first with estimates of noise sources, later with experimental data. Bench testing of isolated systems alone is not sufficient as the installation effects are often not known.
Acoustic modeling will be used:
- Determined installation effects, reverberation (room geometry) effects, and used to identify propagation paths and possible noise controls, as well as develop an understanding of the resulting acoustic levels in the composite environment.
- Assisted with the development and implementation of spaceflight acoustic materials and predicted their effectiveness including sound containment, absorption and vibration isolation.
The Acoustics Modeling Task completed all if its aims, contributing to closure of the HAB acoustic model gap as written. Acoustic modeling capability to predict resultant levels and spacecraft reverberation characteristics from bench testing of isolated systems, acoustic material sample data, and vehicle geometry has been validated for air-borne noise propagation. Results from this research were provided to the Constellation Program including Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Altair Lunar Lander Projects so that a more informed oversight of the vehicle development could be implemented with insertion of critical information such as validation of noise allocations for sub-systems, estimation of vehicle noise levels, and identification of potential acoustic problem areas and possible solutions. The capability developed under this project has been used to validate acoustic models and noise control approaches for application to the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle and Altair Lunar Lander. In addition, applications of the acoustics modeling to interior space design were provided for addition to the Human Interface Design Handbook (HIDH) in the form of recommendations and guidelines. Structural damping measurement, structure-borne noise modeling, and human body acoustic modeling are still in need of development.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
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Category:
Standard
Subcategory:
Update
Description:
Increase model fidelity by understanding the relationships between the mockup and model and addressing the needs of future space flight vehicles noise environment.
Required Delivery Milestone:
Report with recommendations/requirements for update to HIDH and/or NASA-STD-3001
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Simulation
Description:
Deliver Acoustic model to Orion
Internal Customers:
None
External Customers:
MOD - Mission Operations Directorate
Vehicle/Mission Definition and Development Programs
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
Yes
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Clark, Toni
Short Title:
HAB Lighting
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
There may be impacts to performance
due to the influence of indicators and displays in the overall lighting environment.
In order to assess this impact, this study will use a commercial off-the-shelf
lighting modeling tool to input lighting parameters for a system-level
assessment of a single person volume with equipment, lighting system, and
indicator lights. Based on this model, the team will:
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Identify a threshold of indicators, displays, and light (both indication and display) intensity that does not exceed established thresholds for each operational test case
- Analyze the computational model’s findings to produce a recommendation on system requirements that would help maintain specified lighting environments
As of June 2016, mockup data collection has been completed, and analysis is in progress to complete by end of FY16.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
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Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
The
deliverables for this task will include modeling software project files; a
report summarizing the assumptions used in the model and results of
environments evaluated; and recommended system requirements for displays and
indicators.
These deliverables will assist in closing the Gap by providing a better
understanding of lighting impacts on human performance; specifically, it will provide
recommendations for lighting requirements based on a system approach to
lighting design.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
TBD
Short Title:
Sensory Stimulation and Augmentation
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Planned-Funded - Task expected to be within budget
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
This project aims to provide a conceptual context for sensory stimulation:
Compare, differentiate and provide the basis for the understanding of the impact of the presence or dearth of sensory stimulation due to isolation, confinement and extreme conditions associated with spaceflight habitat and environment.
Identify and develop methods and tools to measure and monitor sensory stimulation needs within ICE environments and evaluate potential countermeasures to augment sensory stimulation.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO], ICE Field Analog, Long Duration (4 months or more) – isolated, confined and extreme; may not have spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., Antarctica]
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| Number of Subjects
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0
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Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Applied, time-dependent evidence of neurophysiological and/or brain structure progression of an individual’s response to sensory stimulation at varying levels in the framework (information foraging, relaxation and restoration, therapeutic release, homeostatic maintenance).
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Countermeasure
Subcategory:
Protocol
Description:
An operational protocol for understanding the neurophysiological processes related to sensory stimulation, crew health, and human performance. These processes may help identify individual differences related to environmental stressors and the need for sensory stimulation and approaches that can lead to new insights into how sensory stimulation affects physiological and psychological functioning (e.g., neurobiological reactivity, sensorimotor performance).
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Requirement or Guideline
Subcategory:
Flight Rule/MRID/Practice Guidelines
Description:
Guidelines for implementing recommended countermeasures and habitat modifications/supplementations that maintain and augment the sensory needs (information foraging, relaxation and restoration, therapeutic release, homeostatic maintenance) of astronaut crewmembers living and working in the ICE environment of deep space.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Dinges, David
Short Title:
Adaptation and Resilience NSCOR
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
The overarching goal of this proposal is to characterize the three less well-understood NIMH RDoC domains related to positive valence, negative valence, and social processes as they relate to the performance, adaptation, and resilience of individuals living and working in ICC/ICE environments. The investigator team will identify predictive indicators and biomarkers for resilience and adaptation in individuals and teams, to aid in astronaut selection and individualized countermeasure development with the goal to maintain and optimize performance capability and behavioral health during long-duration exploration missions (LDEM).
The specific aims of this study are:
Aim 1: Identify and quantify individual differences in adaptation and resilience, key threats to and promoters of mission relevant behavioral health and performance. The investigator team will use components of the RDoC framework to look across individual risk factors in order to identify and validate molecular, circuitry and physiological measures that can be used for monitoring and selection of individuals who are highly resilient to the key behavioral health and performance threats during autonomous, long duration and/or long distance exploration missions.
Aim 1a. Perform a comprehensive literature review of the RDoC framework to identify the units of analysis (e.g., cells, etc.) of the individual risk factors most related to LDEMs and positive valence, negative valence and social processes domains.
Aim 1b. Identify how the risk factors within those three RDoC domains relate to performance outcomes, resiliency, and adaptation in LDEMs.
Aim 2: Identify neural circuits and molecular/cellular mechanisms underlying adaptation and resilience in a rodent model using cross-species equivalency.
Aim 3: Encompasses the biological basis of social support to assess individual sociability and the neurobehavioral contributions to resiliency and/or adaptability of engaging positively in social interactions, tolerance, and awareness (e.g., affiliation, attachment).
Aim 4: Identify how meaningful work mediates the relationship between risk factors, the valence and social process domains, and operational outcomes, as well as direct effects of meaningful work on performance. The intent is to identify a sensitive, reliable, valid, and feasible set of measures for measuring and monitoring meaningfulness of work in spaceflight.
Aim 5: Encompasses the need to identify how positive and negative valence systems impact on psychological well-being and performance when confronted with the adverse conditions found in prolonged space flight. We will identify biomarkers and psychological report measures associated with the effects of well-being on performance and determine their contribution to the positive/negative valence systems involved in individual adaptation and resilience.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO], ICE Field Analog, Long Duration (4 months or more) – isolated, confined and extreme; may not have spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., Antarctica]
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| Number of Subjects
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50
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Category:
Countermeasure
Subcategory:
Protocol
Description:
Final report summarizing research efforts including: individual risk factors most associated with positive valence, negative valence, and social process domains, and how they relate to performance, adaptation, and resilience. In addition, results aims to include: evidence on how fluctuations in work meaningfulness, changes in the physical environment, the degree of sociability, and other external factors such as food, mediate the relationship between risk factors and outcomes.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
A better understanding of the key threats, indicators, and evolution of the team throughout its life cycle for autonomous, long duration and/or distance exploration missions; psychological measures that can be used to select individuals most likely to maintain team function for autonomous, long duration and/or distance exploration missions;.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Study Results
Subcategory:
Customer Requested Study or Analysis
Description:
Sensitive, reliable, and valid measures that are feasible in the context of spaceflight for assessing relevant constructs including adaptability, emotional regulation, sociability, meaningfulness of work, and personal well-being.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Responsible Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP)
Status:
Open
Initial State:
Different mission attributes such as microgravity and mission duration pose unique stressors to the human physical state (e.g., spinal elongation) and its impact to crew performance and vehicle/habitat design is unknown.
Interim Steps:
- Assess the knowledge gathered from HAB-04 to develop a candidate list of human physical capabilities and limitations that may need to be accommodated in internal vehicle/habitat layout design (e.g., changes in body size and shape, range of gross movement, translation strategies).
- Conduct research to quantify/characterize human physical capabilities and limitations that may impact minimum acceptable Net Habitable Volume and Vehicle/Habitat layout design.
- Assess the relevance and maturity of research results from the solicitations, identifying key findings critical for understanding what aspects of human physical capabilities and limitations need to be accommodated in internal vehicle/habitat layout design.
- Integrate results to quantify effect sizes and thresholds for changes in human physical capabilities and limitations during long-duration missions.
- Complete Habitability Working Group review of proposed list of key thresholds and ranges related to human changes in long-duration missions.
Approach:
- Data mining and data collection/analysis of spaceflight performance data relevant to the effects of human changes during tasks/scenarios on vehicle/habitat design for long-duration missions.
- Solicit research targeted at the effects of human changes during long-duration missions on NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design.
Complete Habitability Working Group review of proposed list of key thresholds and ranges related to human changes for long-duration missions.
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Rajulu, Sudhakar
Short Title:
Body Measures
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
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Collaborating Org(s):
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| Anthropometry & Biomechanics Facility/NASA JSC |
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Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
- To quantify microgravity effects on body measurements, including lengths, breadths, widths, circumferences, and joint angles of astronauts exposed to microgravity in an unsuited condition,
- To determine if and how the neutral body posture (NBP) is influenced by changes in body size/shape and microgravity effects.
This study will increase our knowledge and quantify how the body size and shape change due to spaceflight resulting in physical changes of the body that can be used in design and accommodation verification of vehicle and habitat design (Aim 1 & 2).
This study will contribute to the overall gap closure of HAB-02 by identifying the human physical changes (body size and shape) that occur during mission duration that will need to be accommodated for in internal vehicle/habitat design.
Integration - Collaborating with the Extravehicular Activity Office
Category:
Study Results
Subcategory:
Customer Requested Study or Analysis
Description:
Final report detailing pre-and in-flight anthropometric changes for heights, breadths, depths, circumferences, and NBP (body joint angles) of astronauts exposed to microgravity.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
EVA - Extravehicular Activity
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
Yes
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Rajulu, Sudhakar
Short Title:
Spinal Elongation
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
The primary objective of this project was to provide information pertaining to changes in seated height due to spinal elongation in a microgravity environment. Spinal elongation has been observed to occur in crew-members during space flight; however, it has only previously been recorded in the standing position with a limited number of subjects. Seated height data in microgravity is considered necessary to identify correctly the seated height projections of the crew in the Orion configuration or future confined seated postures.
The experiment aimed to:
- Collect seated height data for subjects exposed to microgravity environments
- Provide information relating to seated height rate of change over time
- Deliver new information regarding the elongation of the spine forward into the design of Constellation.
The Spinal Elongation Task completed all its aims, contributing to closure of the HAB gap on microgravity effects on spinal elongation. Study findings were provided to the Constellation Program’s Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to aid with the seat design and evaluations, and account for in-space growth adjustments to accommodate crew in terms of clearance, fit, access/reach and seat ingress/egress. Results from this study were also delivered and can be added to the Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH) in the form of recommendations and guidelines. This inflight activity provided microgravity data on crew anthropometry that could also be used in suit sizing adjustments in space. Further data will need to be collected to determine effect of the personal factors on anthropometric measurements and its trend over time.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Reduced Gravity Flight
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| Number of Subjects
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0
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Category:
Requirement or Guideline
Subcategory:
Vehicle/Suit Design
Description:
Interim Milestones:
FY10: Preliminary recommendations to NASA Standards, HSIR, and HIDH based on initial results
FY10: Input to Orion
Required Delivery Milestones:
FY11: Delivery of final study results to Orion Program
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Requirement or Guideline
Subcategory:
Flight Rule/MRID/Practice Guidelines
Description:
Deliver Final report to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Internal Customers:
None
External Customers:
MOD - Mission Operations Directorate
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Responsible Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP)
Status:
Open
Initial State:
Currently we do not know the acceptable threshold or ranges for habitable volume and the preferred internal layout for a vehicle/habitat for a given set of mission attributes. Long-duration missions will have increased crew autonomy and with no resupply. There are a number of guidelines and measurement techniques for designing and assessing vehicles/habitats that need to be developed and validated for predetermined mission attributes.
Interim Steps:
- Review and integrate products developed as part of HAB-04, findings from applicable Gaps (e.g., HAB-01, HAB-02, HAB-05), and findings from applicable in-flight data collection for potential inputs to guidelines for acceptable NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design configurations.
- Query other HRP Elements and outside entities for relevant research results that should be integrated into guidelines for acceptable NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design configurations.
- Develop a mitigation plan based on findings about tool and metrics (HAB-05), ranges and thresholds for humans and environment (HAB-01, 02), in-flight data collection, and relevant research performed by other HRP Elements.
- Validate mitigation plan through testing in relevant analog (e.g., HERA) or ISS.
- Vet mitigation plan with the Habitability Working Group formed as part of HAB-04.
- Finalize/Deliver the mitigation plan including the delivery of guidelines, ground rules, and processes to appropriate stakeholders/programs (e.g., OCHMO, AES, Orion) to ensure acceptable NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design.
Approach:
- Develop guidelines based on results and recommendations from applicable gaps, in-flight data collection and analysis, and relevant research performed by other HRP Elements.
- Use tools and metrics developed through HAB-05 to validate guidelines prior to vetting and delivering.
- Obtain approval from the appropriate, pre-determined program and/or institutional boards.
Finalize/Deliver the mitigation plan including the delivery of guidelines, ground rules, and processes to appropriate stakeholders/programs (e.g., OCHMO, AES, Orion) to ensure acceptable NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design.
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Whitmire, Sandra
Short Title:
SHAQ Development and Validation
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
This task is in response to an urgent need to develop and validate a Space Flight Habitability and Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ) to assess the behavioral health and performance impacts of volume, layout, and other design features of vehicles and habitats for long-duration exploration spaceflight and other operational environments.
Aim 1: Conduct a review to identify primary constructs and themes relevant to habitability effects on individual and team behavioral health and performance in operational environments.
Aim 2: Develop candidate questionnaire items based on the constructs and themes identified in the literature review and validated against coded videos from the ISS Habitability Study (PI: Greene) and in consultation with Subject Matter Experts.
Aim 3: Empirically assess the initial sensitivity, construct validity, divergent validity, and concurrent validity of SHAQ in HERA C5.
Aim 4: Refine SHAQ based on the results of the HERA validation study.
Aim 5: Draft a NASA Technical Report and/or manuscript for publication that (a) provides the results of SHAQ research and development efforts and (b) offers habitability recommendations for future deep space exploration missions.
Aim 6: Author a SHAQ User Guide for public dissemination providing details on administration, scoring, and data management and interpretation.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO]
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| Number of Subjects
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16
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Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
This task will provide evidence regarding changes in behavioral health and performance, relative to changes in habitable volume, layout, and design, in isolation and confinement. A final report will summarize findings from our experimental protocol in HERA.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Standard
Subcategory:
Update
Description:
This task may result in information that could inform a standard in the NASA Habitability Standards 3001 Vol. 2. As an example, standards relative to private crew quarters may be informed in part by the results of this investigation. If applicable, we will update relevant standards.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Clinical Care, Medical Informatics, Human Performance Data Collection Methods
Description:
We will deliver the HERA validated Spaceflight Habitability Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ) along with an accompanying manual (outlining the psychometric properties of the measure along with considerations for format for delivery).
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
TBD
Short Title:
Sensory Stimulation and Augmentation
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Planned-Funded - Task expected to be within budget
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
This project aims to provide a conceptual context for sensory stimulation:
Compare, differentiate and provide the basis for the understanding of the impact of the presence or dearth of sensory stimulation due to isolation, confinement and extreme conditions associated with spaceflight habitat and environment.
Identify and develop methods and tools to measure and monitor sensory stimulation needs within ICE environments and evaluate potential countermeasures to augment sensory stimulation.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
|
Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO], ICE Field Analog, Long Duration (4 months or more) – isolated, confined and extreme; may not have spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., Antarctica]
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| Number of Subjects
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0
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Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Applied, time-dependent evidence of neurophysiological and/or brain structure progression of an individual’s response to sensory stimulation at varying levels in the framework (information foraging, relaxation and restoration, therapeutic release, homeostatic maintenance).
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Countermeasure
Subcategory:
Protocol
Description:
An operational protocol for understanding the neurophysiological processes related to sensory stimulation, crew health, and human performance. These processes may help identify individual differences related to environmental stressors and the need for sensory stimulation and approaches that can lead to new insights into how sensory stimulation affects physiological and psychological functioning (e.g., neurobiological reactivity, sensorimotor performance).
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Requirement or Guideline
Subcategory:
Flight Rule/MRID/Practice Guidelines
Description:
Guidelines for implementing recommended countermeasures and habitat modifications/supplementations that maintain and augment the sensory needs (information foraging, relaxation and restoration, therapeutic release, homeostatic maintenance) of astronaut crewmembers living and working in the ICE environment of deep space.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Responsible Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP)
Status:
Open
Initial State:
Human Factors (HF) does not currently have a complete, quantitative risk definition [including established critical thresholds or ranges for various mission attributes (e.g., duration, resupply)] for incompatible vehicle/habitat design, nor is there a description of the relative contribution of the contributing factors and how the human accommodation in space vehicle/habitat design compares to the human accommodation in terrestrial vehicle/habitat design. HF is concerned with the physical aspects of this risk; whereas, BMed-Sleep and Team are concerned with the psychological aspects of this risk.
Interim Steps:
Establish a Habitability Working Group composed of representatives from relevant HRP Elements (e.g., ExMC, HHC), Habitability Subject Matter Experts, and stakeholders. The Habitability Working Group will provide a forum for activities such as assessing quality and maturity of solicitation products, assessing potential collaboration opportunities with other HRP Elements and/or external research groups, and vetting guidelines.
- Review available data sources (e.g., Human Performance Data Repository, Design Reference Missions, Orion and ISS lessons learned, NHV workshop reports, other relevant HRP Element gaps and research areas, ISS Crew Comments Database) to document the current state of the standards, guidelines, ground rules and processes, and identify information needed in HF HAB gap closure plans (HAB-01, -02 and -05).
- With input from the Habitability Working Group, identify and refine critical mission attributes (e.g., critical task list, number of crew, length of mission, spacecraft typology, gravity, comm bandwidth) that will be necessary for determining, assessing and monitoring NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design in potential future human spaceflights.
- Document the current guidelines, ground rules, and processes that define the state of knowledge for determining, assessing and monitoring NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design.
- Obtain concurrence/approval from the appropriate review board(s).
Approach:
- Utilize interviews, workshops and Technical Interchange Meetings (TIMs) as appropriate to gather subject matter expert and stakeholder knowledge, arrive at consensus on important issues, and vet products such as mission attributes and “current-state” guidelines.
- Define mission attributes used for assumptions for initial estimates of volume risks based on data mining of existing and previous program products regarding vehicle/habitat layout design and NHV.
- Use literature reviews and existing models to refine critical inputs for guidelines such as critical task volumes.
Define and document the current state of guidelines, ground rules, and processes, and a refined set of critical mission attributes relevant for determining, assessing and monitoring Net Habitable Volume (NHV) and vehicle/habitat layout design. This information will refine the definition of the Risk of Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design and define acceptable levels of risk due to inadequate NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design.
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Flynn-Evans, Erin
Short Title:
Future Vehicle Environment RR
Responsible HRP Element:
Behavioral Health and Performance
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
The purpose of this task is to mine spaceflight data regarding habitability stressors and countermeasures, review existing literature, and conduct an operational assessment to inform future research needs and/or provide habitability-related recommendations for sleep in exploration.
This task will be conducted collaboratively with SHFH.
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
This task will inform specific future research needs (if any) based on a thorough evidence review and an operational assessment. Results could help inform habitability-related countermeasure development for sleep in an exploration vehicle environment. The task contributes to gap closure by potentially yielding an additional mitigation strategy for future missions.
Internal Customers:
Behavioral Health and Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Kearney, Anne
Short Title:
Team NHV RR
Responsible HRP Element:
Behavioral Health and Performance
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
1) Identify the potential impact of Net Habitable Volume (NHV) and NHV related issues on team functioning in long-duration spaceflight based on the extant literature.
2) Generate candidate NHV recommendations to ensure effective team functioning in long-duration spaceflight based on the extant literature.
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Report identifying the potential impact of NHV and NHV related issues on team functioning in long-duration spaceflight based on the extant literature.
Internal Customers:
Behavioral Health and Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Report on candidate NHV recommendations to ensure effective team functioning in long-duration spaceflight based on the extant literature.
Internal Customers:
Behavioral Health and Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Whitmire, Sandra
Short Title:
SHAQ Development and Validation
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
|
Procurement Mechanism(s):
|
|
Aims:
This task is in response to an urgent need to develop and validate a Space Flight Habitability and Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ) to assess the behavioral health and performance impacts of volume, layout, and other design features of vehicles and habitats for long-duration exploration spaceflight and other operational environments.
Aim 1: Conduct a review to identify primary constructs and themes relevant to habitability effects on individual and team behavioral health and performance in operational environments.
Aim 2: Develop candidate questionnaire items based on the constructs and themes identified in the literature review and validated against coded videos from the ISS Habitability Study (PI: Greene) and in consultation with Subject Matter Experts.
Aim 3: Empirically assess the initial sensitivity, construct validity, divergent validity, and concurrent validity of SHAQ in HERA C5.
Aim 4: Refine SHAQ based on the results of the HERA validation study.
Aim 5: Draft a NASA Technical Report and/or manuscript for publication that (a) provides the results of SHAQ research and development efforts and (b) offers habitability recommendations for future deep space exploration missions.
Aim 6: Author a SHAQ User Guide for public dissemination providing details on administration, scoring, and data management and interpretation.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
|
Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO]
|
| Number of Subjects
|
16
|
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
This task will provide evidence regarding changes in behavioral health and performance, relative to changes in habitable volume, layout, and design, in isolation and confinement. A final report will summarize findings from our experimental protocol in HERA.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Standard
Subcategory:
Update
Description:
This task may result in information that could inform a standard in the NASA Habitability Standards 3001 Vol. 2. As an example, standards relative to private crew quarters may be informed in part by the results of this investigation. If applicable, we will update relevant standards.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Clinical Care, Medical Informatics, Human Performance Data Collection Methods
Description:
We will deliver the HERA validated Spaceflight Habitability Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ) along with an accompanying manual (outlining the psychometric properties of the measure along with considerations for format for delivery).
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Responsible Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP)
Status:
Open
Initial State:
The Human Factors (HF) Standing Review Panel (SRP) recommended increased use of computational models by NASA. However, there is currently no NASA standard for use of human-system models in engineering and requirements verification, or in human rating. Current NASA designers occasionally resort to creating their own computer graphics models, with a resulting unvalidated, potentially inaccurate model due to the lack of flight data. In addition, data collection technologies, including both obtrusive and unobtrusive, need to be developed to collect flight data that can be used to develop validated computational models and aid in the design and layout of safe and efficient vehicle/habitat for long-duration missions.
Interim Steps:
- Review products developed as part of HAB-04 for a candidate list of tasks/scenarios that need technologies, tools, and methods for the design and assessment of the vehicle/habitat for long-duration missions.
- Develop a list of technologies, tools, and method characteristics with specifications for habitability assessment, data collection, and analysis for identified tasks/scenarios (e.g., need to measure without complex tools, unobtrusive data collection, level of precision needed in measurements).
- Select from list of technologies, tools, and methods for the identified tasks/scenarios to be developed through solicitation and directed research.
- Release and implement solicitations and/or initiate directed studies to implement research for identified needs.
- Validate the tools/methods, integrating research results to provide mission characteristic-dependent vehicle/habitat designs and layouts. This process includes: finalizing impacting variables, refining inputs to the tool/method, and defining the metrics.
- Work with the Habitability Working Group to assess the quality and maturity of technologies, tools, and methods in terms of their usefulness for the characterization of acceptable level of risk related to design and assessment of vehicles/habitats volume/layout.
- Obtain approval from Habitability Working Group for the suite of tools, metrics, methods and supplementary materials that will assist in quantifying NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design based on mission attributes.
Approach:
- Utilize Small Business Innovative Research (SBIRs), NASA Research Announcements (NRAs), and Directed Research Projects to target specific data collection technologies and modeling tool goals such as reporting of human factors issues, automated video analysis, modeling of required NHV and vehicle/habitat layout design, and automated habitability data collection.
- Validate and refine tools and methods produced through solicited research and use of in-flight or analog data.
Validated data collection technologies, models, modeling methods and new/updated standards, guidelines and processes to design and assess vehicle/habitat designs; documented in NASA standards and guidelines (e.g., NASA-STD-3001 and HIDH).
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Vos, Gordon
Short Title:
Automated Data Collection
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Future space vehicles will be challenged in the area of net habitable volume (NHV) due to launch mass limitations. Yet, we know that performance, work efficiency and crewmember satisfaction depend on adequate NHV and internal layout. Computational modeling and simulation both offer effective means to design vehicle/habitat and optimize NHV. However, developing and validating models requires systematically assessing architectural layout and three dimensional (3-D) space utilization. Using novel tracking and detection methods (e.g., such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, sensors or other technologies) should make it possible to unobtrusively and non-invasively capture onboard space utilization data. These types of tools can provide an effective means to collect crew activity data needed to support future computational models.
The objective of this project is to develop and validate an automated data collection system that delivers data useful in the analysis of space utilization and vehicle habitability pertaining to crew activities on the ISS as well as potential long duration space missions. The investigation will utilize two independent technologies, 3D RFID-Real Time Location System (RTLS) and Microsoft Kinect 3D volumetric and anatomical scanning tools, integrating them into a single solution. The project will advance the integrated system through validation using the Human Research Program (HRP) Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) platform.
*HERA validation will not require usage during scheduled missions.*
- Develop and demonstrate one or more practical and affordable methods of unobtrusively collecting habitability metrics of interest.
- Validate tools and methods.
- Create or update NASA standards/guidelines and processes.
Integration: This task may also address several other risks of potential HRP customers such as HHC and ExMC.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO]
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| Number of Subjects
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8
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Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Database
Description:
Delivery of working prototype with supporting documentation:
1) Computer-based system (working prototype) with user interface, including hardware and software code to collect and analyze 3-D space utilization metrics as described above
2) Functional requirements such as: hardware/software interface requirements for onboard data collection, types of inputs and outputs for data analysis, and reporting capabilities
3) Ground demonstration in an analog environment such as HERA
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Final Report describing Validation Plan and results of validation testing. Include suggested new or updated NASA standards/guidelines delivered to Human Factors/HFBP to be considered for addition to appropriate NASA Standards, Evidence Reports and the Human Integration Design Handbook
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Christoudias, Mario
Short Title:
AVIMA
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
During Phase I, Vecna demonstrated the feasibility of Automatic Video-based Motion Analysis (AVIMA), a video-based human motion analysis and visualization tool that automatically processes video footage of humans without the use of specialized markers. AVIMA features key innovations such as a video analytics module, a human motion analysis module which automatically estimates and tracks the 3D human body pose from video footage across a variety of operating scenarios, and a video analytics module which automatically interprets the subjects’ movements with respect to their operational environment, objects in the environment, and other crewmates. This video analytics module also locates, annotates, and counts how many times the crew performed a specific action, traversed a particular path, or accessed a piece of hardware.
Phase
II work leveraged the Phase I preliminary designs and prototype results. The
team explored machine learning algorithms to detect human presence in a scene
and completed a product that will detect when a person enters a specified
region.
Mitigation/Partial mitigation of the gap/risk: This research assisted
in defining requirements for an advanced tool to efficiently analyze
2-dimensional video.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
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Category:
Study Results
Subcategory:
Customer Requested Study or Analysis
Description:
1) Interim report of all design studies and tests
2) Final report of all designs, schematics, and tests - as well as a technology demonstration
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Computational Models, Software
Description:
Prototype system composed of a stand-alone application of all the integrated software components and documentation.
Internal Customers:
Behavioral Health and Performance
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Chen, Maijinn
Short Title:
Spacecraft Comp Models: SOLV
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
A key design challenge for future long-duration exploration missions is determining the appropriate volume of a spacecraft/habitat to accommodate habitability functions and ensure optimal crew health, performance, and safety. Because spacecraft/habitat volume is directly drives mass and cost, this information is needed early in the design process.
- Develop a constrain-driven, optimization-based model that can be used to estimate and evaluate spacecraft/habitat volume.
- Estimate spacecraft/habitat volume based on mission parameters and constraints,
- Provide layout assumptions for a given volume,
- Assess volumes based on a set of performance metrics, and
- Inform risk characteristics associated with a volume.
- Verify model throughout the model development process.
- Extend to Design Reference Missions to cover other mission durations and parameters.
- Provide validation of the SOLV model.
Integration/Unique Aspects:
This task may also address several other risks of potential HRP customers such as HHC and ExMC.
The team has developed key driving requirements; developed a
documentation plan for adherence to NASA-STD-7009; developed a draft
Verification and Validation Plan; and begun work on implementation of multiple
major components of the code that will comprise the Spacecraft Optimization
Layout and Volume (SOLV) model.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
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Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Computational Models, Software
Description:
Interim Reports:
1. Documentation on modeling development and assessment approach used
2. Documentation of computational modules and database (if applicable)
3. Validation process for computational models
Final Deliverable:
Computational Model software, including supporting documentation (i.e., data input requirements and types of outputs/reports provided, model operations guide and training on how to use the model)
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Final report with suggested guidelines and recommendations from study results will be delivered to Human Factors/HFBP to be considered for addition to appropriate NASA Standards, Evidence Reports and the Human Integration Design Handbook.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Duda, Kevin
Short Title:
3D Space Utilization
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Validate a small, low-power, and unobtrusive wearable kinematic system to estimate a crewmember’s navigation state vector as a function of time:
- Definition of ISS Integration, Flight Definition and NASA Net Habitable Volume (NHV) Model Requirements that includes the specification of the technical, performance, functional, and operational requirements for the wearable kinematic system associated with ISS integration and analytics for NHV metrics calculation, as well as Flight Experiment Definition planning.
- Wearable Kinematic System Design, Development & Verification. A system architecture trade study and detailed design for the wearable module development, testing to verify the performance in ground-based analog scenarios, and the requirements for transitioning the equipment for ISS spaceflight operations will be completed.
- Quantification of ISS NHV Metrics. This aim develops the infrastructure and algorithms for calculating the relevant NHV metrics from the wearable module navigation state vector, including automating the process and providing intuitive visualizations of the data.
The team has completed hardware demonstrations in analog environments at Johnson Space Center, with data analysis including a trade study to drive hardware decisions.
Integration: This task may also address several other risks of potential HRP customers such as HHC and ExMC.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
|
Yes
|
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Computational Models, Software
Description:
Final Delivery will include:
Validated small, low-power and unobtrusive
wearable kinematic system to estimate a crewmember’s navigation state vector as
a function of time
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Final Delivery will include a report that will quantify crew activities and characterize habitability
based on mockup testing at Structural Vehicle Mockup Facility (SVMF)
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Schreckenghost, Debra
Short Title:
Reporting Incidents SBIR 3
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Follow on task to Semantic Language and Tools for Reporting Human Factors Incidents SBIR Phase II
- Development of a working tool prototype, with documentation of functionality and usability evaluation and testing.
Semantic Language and Tools for Reporting Human Factors Incidents SBIR Phase III delivered tailored software to interface with data collected using the Space Habitability Observation Reporting Tool (iSHORT), which will enable Space Human Factors Engineering personnel to more efficiently and effectively analyze iSHORT data from upcoming spaceflight experiments.
The demonstration of the value of this tool with real human factors analog data will validate the tool for use in future SHFE evaluations.
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Database
Description:
Software for reporting space human factors incidents with documentation of functionality and usability evaluation and testing.
Semantic Language and Tools for Reporting Human
Factors Incidents SBIR Phase III delivered a functional tool prototype and
documentation that allows human factors experts to document and analyze human
factors incidents using the included ontology. The tool also includes the
capability to directly import reports generated from another HRP-supported
tool, Space Habitability Observation Reporting Tool (iSHORT). The Semantic
Language tool was used to generate a quick reference report of iSHORT
observations submitted as part of Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA)
operations, and it has potential to enhance human factors analysis of this type
of data for future missions or studies.
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
MOD - Mission Operations Directorate
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Thaxton, Sherry
Short Title:
Hab Assessment (Hab Asmt)
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
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Collaborating Org(s):
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| Space Human Factors Habitability |
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Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
The collection of real-time habitability data can aid in identifying or refining habitability requirements for future flight and surface vehicles or habitats. Observation of how the human crew uses the environment can lead to improved design as well as configuration and layout to help support the crew in the performance of their mission objectives.
- Develop software-based habitability assessment tool with capability to capture self-reported habitability and human factors concerns near real-time through photographs, video, audio, and text to facilitate insight into these reported issues.
- Develop methods for use of hand-held and head-worn video cameras for the targeted collection of video data, with focus on crew-selected habitability and human factors issues, walk-throughs of habitats highlighting key features, and talk-throughs of task performance.
- Evaluate these tools in an analog environment to determine /validate their effectiveness.
Short summary of major findings:
During the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 16 mission, participants used the Space Habitability Observation Reporting Tool (iSHORT) (the iPad-based habitability assessment tool) as well as targeted video data collection methods (using head-worn cameras and iPad cameras) to report observations during the 12-day mission.
The findings from the Habitability-Human Factors and Habitability Assessment Tool Directed Research NEEMO task have led to the development of new tasks. iSHORT and video methods, along with additional tools, will be further refined as part of the NHV Data Acquisition Tools task. These tools will also be put to use for data collection in the Vehicle NHV and Habitability Assessment (NHV/HAB Assessment) task to document NHV and habitability issues during the 1 year ISS mission, 6 month flight exploratory study, or other venues such as HERA.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
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Yes
|
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Simulation
Description:
Tools and methods to collect and evaluate near real-time crew inputs and video data. Coordination with potential stakeholders of near real-time data collection tools. Collection of near real-time crew inputs and video data addressing human factors and habitability related issues in a flight and/or analog environment. Testing of methods for evaluating space utilization in a ground-based test bed. Validity assessment of developed tools.
Interim Deliverable:
Prototype tools and methods for near real-time habitability assessment and space utilization assessment
Report documenting the findings from the analog testing
Final Deliverables:
Final demonstration of tools and methods
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
ISS Other
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
Yes
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Final report with suggested guidelines and recommendations from study results will be delivered to SHFE/SHFH to be considered for addition to appropriate NASA Standards, Evidence Reports and the Human Integration Design Handbook.
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Schreckenghost, Debra
Short Title:
Reporting Incidents
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Space human factors data currently come from crew debriefs. Such debriefs rely on retrospective recall, which could suffer delays of up to six months. Opportunities to discuss human factors issues in detail during these debriefs are limited. In particular, the Space Human Factors Engineering Project is interested in obtaining timely and context-specific human factors incident data. In general, the tool will be used to help detect areas where human factors can contribute to mission success, assess the effects of operational and hardware changes, and complement existing human factors data sources for operations. This research will provide the framework for an on-orbit tool with features not found in a reporting tool to date.
1. To provide crew easy access to the tool at any time to eliminate the need for the crew to recall information retrospectively.
2. Create an easy-to-use data gathering protocol with the following functionalities: Allow data to be entered either as text, audio, and/or video inputs.
3. The ability for the tool to detect a system anomaly automatically and immediately record system status. At a minimum, however, the tool should provide an easily accessible event marker for the crew to mark the context and take a snapshot of the system and operator system status.
4. A user-friendly automated data search engine for extracting meaningful incident information from the raw data. Examples of desirable search schemes include natural language, spatial, temporal searches, etc.
Mitigation/Partial Mitigation: This research will provide the framework for an on-orbit tool with features not found in a reporting tool to date.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
|
Yes
|
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Database
Description:
Phase 2 Requirements: Development of a working tool prototype, with documentation of functionality and usability evaluation and testing.
Interim:
FY11 Preliminary database tool
Required Delivery Milestone:
FY13: Software for reporting space human factors incidents with documentation of functionality and usability evaluation and testing
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Whitmire, Sandra
Short Title:
SHAQ Development and Validation
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
This task is in response to an urgent need to develop and validate a Space Flight Habitability and Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ) to assess the behavioral health and performance impacts of volume, layout, and other design features of vehicles and habitats for long-duration exploration spaceflight and other operational environments.
Aim 1: Conduct a review to identify primary constructs and themes relevant to habitability effects on individual and team behavioral health and performance in operational environments.
Aim 2: Develop candidate questionnaire items based on the constructs and themes identified in the literature review and validated against coded videos from the ISS Habitability Study (PI: Greene) and in consultation with Subject Matter Experts.
Aim 3: Empirically assess the initial sensitivity, construct validity, divergent validity, and concurrent validity of SHAQ in HERA C5.
Aim 4: Refine SHAQ based on the results of the HERA validation study.
Aim 5: Draft a NASA Technical Report and/or manuscript for publication that (a) provides the results of SHAQ research and development efforts and (b) offers habitability recommendations for future deep space exploration missions.
Aim 6: Author a SHAQ User Guide for public dissemination providing details on administration, scoring, and data management and interpretation.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO]
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| Number of Subjects
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16
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Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
This task will provide evidence regarding changes in behavioral health and performance, relative to changes in habitable volume, layout, and design, in isolation and confinement. A final report will summarize findings from our experimental protocol in HERA.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Standard
Subcategory:
Update
Description:
This task may result in information that could inform a standard in the NASA Habitability Standards 3001 Vol. 2. As an example, standards relative to private crew quarters may be informed in part by the results of this investigation. If applicable, we will update relevant standards.
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Clinical Care, Medical Informatics, Human Performance Data Collection Methods
Description:
We will deliver the HERA validated Spaceflight Habitability Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ) along with an accompanying manual (outlining the psychometric properties of the measure along with considerations for format for delivery).
Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
TBD
Short Title:
HCAAM VNSCOR
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Planned-Funded - Task expected to be within budget
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
NASA envisions implementation of an intelligent system that will integrate knowledge of the past and current state of the crew and vehicle in order to appropriately adjust and adapt systems to facilitate mission success for a future state. These complex relationships must be maintained for both routine tasks and more complex tasks. The purpose of this task is to focus research on providing the basis for the development of standards, guidelines and automation tools for an advanced autonomous decision-support system for use by our astronaut population that will reflect both individual and team, real-time human performance support for autonomous spaceflight.
1) Characterize human capabilities and limitations related to potential performance decrements during long duration exploration mission (LDEM) spaceflight as relevant to both routine and complex task performance.
2) Determine appropriate advanced, autonomous intelligent system decision and execution support responses in order to reduce the likelihood or impact of potential decrements in human performance capabilities.
3) Perform integrated assessment of intelligent system responses in order to determine positive or negative interactions and validate recommended approaches.
4) Propose specific updates to existing standards and handbooks to enable implementation of findings for upcoming LDEM systems.
Ground Analog Resources
| Ground-Based Flight Analogs
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Controlled Research Analog, Long Duration (4 months or more) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., NEK/Russian Chamber], ICE Field Analog, Short Duration (4 months or less) – isolated, confined and extreme; may not have spaceflight mission scenario
|
| Number of Subjects
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0
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Category:
Standard
Subcategory:
New
Description:
1) Performance outcome levels (POLs) that indicate when a response/mitigation is needed to maintain performance.
2) Standards for a suite of effective intelligent system approaches and/or tools to reduce the likelihood or impact of decrements in human performance capabilities.
3) Demonstration of adaptive and responsive information presentation features, based on factors such as severity of situation, workload, and level of expertise.
Internal Customers:
Exploration Medical Capability
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
TBD
Short Title:
Video Software Maturation
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Planned-Funded - Task expected to be within budget
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
This task will allow time for automated video analysis software to mature in capability in order to fulfill the need related to automated measuring and monitoring of the crew on an autonomous mission. HFBP personnel will identify software programs that meet this need and recommend software for future missions.
Aim:
Identify and recommend available commercial, academic, and military software packages, which will allow for autonomated video analysis transcription.
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Clinical Care, Medical Informatics, Human Performance Data Collection Methods
Description:
An automated video analysis software will allow related behavioral analysis and other programs to assess individual and team functioning and performance and use of the habitat/vehicle in near realtime. Any Risk area that may rely on video for behavioral analysis to assess and diagnose human health and performance and/or monitor the interaction with environment would benefit from this near realtime processing.
Internal Customers:
Exploration Medical Capability
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Human Health Countermeasures
External Customers:
AES - Advanced Exploration Systems
ARC HET - Human Exploration Telerobotics Mission
ARC IRG - Intelligence Robotics Group
CHS - Crew Health and Safety
CSM - Crew and Service Module
EVA - Extravehicular Activity
HMS - Health Maintenance Systems
ISS Other
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Task Book:
Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator:
Anderson, Allison
Short Title:
Vehicle Design with VR
Responsible HRP Element:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
Funding Status:
Active - Currently funded and in progress
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Optimal space vehicle design is critical to maximize crew operational efficiency, comfort, and equipment storage. Traditionally, designers and engineers have utilized physical mock-ups early in their design process for task performance and layout evaluation, but high-fidelity mock ups can be costly and time consuming to produce and reconfigure. Therefore, many design decisions have been set in place by the time a high-fidelity mock-up is created, thus diminishing its usefulness. Engineering drawings allow early assessment of vehicle design, but do not allow experimental evaluation with a physical presence of people interacting with the system. Recent advancements in technology have enabled the use of digital designs to ‘virtually’ evaluate habitats in ways not possible with physical mock-ups, for example to explore the vehicle from a simulated microgravity perspective while in 1G. Due to the rapid advancement of technology, practical application of how these capabilities can best be used in the vehicle design process to minimize the potential for costly design errors is still evolving.
Aim 1:
• Characterize, evaluate and contrast a spectrum of reality design tools
Aim 2:
• Evaluate specific design tools or paradigms in which the design tools are used,
Integration: This task may also address several other risks of potential HRP customers such as HHC and ExMC.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
|
Yes
|
Category:
Risk Characterization, Quantification
Subcategory:
Evidence
Description:
Report on characterization and definition of the four categories of design tools (physical, augmented, hybrid and virtual), experimental findings on the determination of from the highest utility of the down-selected list of tools to achieve NASA objectives., and a set of high-level guidelines from the literature for how each approach is typically used.
Internal Customers:
Behavioral Health and Performance
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Responsible Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability (SHFH)
Status:
Closed
Spacecraft and habitats possess unique acoustic
characteristics, and environmental systems produce non-trivial levels of
noise. Acoustic modeling can be used to identify key
noise sources, determine/analyze sub-allocated requirements, keep track of the
accumulation of minor noise sources, and to predict vehicle noise levels at
various stages in the development, first with estimates of noise sources, later
with experimental data. Bench testing of
isolated systems alone is not sufficient as the installation effects are often
not known. Acoustic modeling can be used
to assist with the development and implementation of spaceflight acoustic
materials and to predict their effectiveness including sound containment,
absorption and vibration isolation.
No Target for Closure Available.
Task Book:
Entry
Principal Investigator:
Allen, Christopher
Short Title:
Acoustics Modeling
Responsible HRP Element:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Funding Status:
Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
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Procurement Mechanism(s):
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Aims:
Acoustic modeling can be used to identify key noise sources, determine/analyze sub-allocated requirements, keep track of the accumulation of minor noise sources, and to predict vehicle noise levels at various stages in the development, first with estimates of noise sources, later with experimental data. Bench testing of isolated systems alone is not sufficient as the installation effects are often not known.
Acoustic modeling will be used:
- Determined installation effects, reverberation (room geometry) effects, and used to identify propagation paths and possible noise controls, as well as develop an understanding of the resulting acoustic levels in the composite environment.
- Assisted with the development and implementation of spaceflight acoustic materials and predicted their effectiveness including sound containment, absorption and vibration isolation.
The Acoustics Modeling Task completed all if its aims, contributing to closure of the HAB acoustic model gap as written. Acoustic modeling capability to predict resultant levels and spacecraft reverberation characteristics from bench testing of isolated systems, acoustic material sample data, and vehicle geometry has been validated for air-borne noise propagation. Results from this research were provided to the Constellation Program including Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Altair Lunar Lander Projects so that a more informed oversight of the vehicle development could be implemented with insertion of critical information such as validation of noise allocations for sub-systems, estimation of vehicle noise levels, and identification of potential acoustic problem areas and possible solutions. The capability developed under this project has been used to validate acoustic models and noise control approaches for application to the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle and Altair Lunar Lander. In addition, applications of the acoustics modeling to interior space design were provided for addition to the Human Interface Design Handbook (HIDH) in the form of recommendations and guidelines. Structural damping measurement, structure-borne noise modeling, and human body acoustic modeling are still in need of development.
Other Resources
| Other Resources Needed?
|
Yes
|
Category:
Standard
Subcategory:
Update
Description:
Increase model fidelity by understanding the relationships between the mockup and model and addressing the needs of future space flight vehicles noise environment.
Required Delivery Milestone:
Report with recommendations/requirements for update to HIDH and/or NASA-STD-3001
Internal Customers:
Space Human Factors and Habitability
External Customers:
None
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
No
Category:
Technology or Tool
Subcategory:
Simulation
Description:
Deliver Acoustic model to Orion
Internal Customers:
None
External Customers:
MOD - Mission Operations Directorate
Vehicle/Mission Definition and Development Programs
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required?
Yes