1. Replicate study from prior Directed Research Project on Alarm design (Information Presentation) using new speech alarms. Develop a prototype speech alarms system.
2. Evaluate the speech alarms in an analog (e.g., Human Exploration Research Analog), and gather crew office input.
3. Develop guidelines for the implementation of speech alarms in future spacecraft. Document results and recommendations in Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH) as applicable.     
      

Mitigation or Partial Mitigation: 
The results have been delivered to the Rapid Prototyping Laboratory and to the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) for use in analog studies. Feedback on using the alerts in the operational setting of the analog studies is still being collected in current and future HERA missions. 


   

1. Evaluate multimodal augmented displays to execute planetary Extravehicular Activity (EVA), specifically applications for dual-task activities.
2. Evaluate multimodal augmented displays to execute telerobotics tasks with moderate communication delays.

This work contributed to the Risk of Inadequate Human-Computer Interaction by providing guidelines for the application of bimodal interfaces The results of the studies support the benefits of integrating 3D audio into displays to aid extravehicular activity on planetary surfaces for tasks as diverse as orientation, localization or docking. Operator performance improved when information was presented in both the auditory and visual modalities compared to getting information only in one modality.

1. Investigate methods for removal and/or alleviation of astronaut disorientation during lunar surface operations by using integrated information technology, and psychological and cognitive research on spatial orientation and navigation.
2. Train astronauts to enhance their spatial orientation capability in a Lunar
   Astronaut Spatial Orientation and Information System (LASOIS)-supported simulated lunar environment.
3. Supported by LASOIS, astronauts on the lunar surface will be capable of overcoming disorientation caused by microgravity and the altered visual environment through spatial information provided by the Earth control center and collected by a coordinated group of sensors from lunar orbit, descending path and ground. The developed spatial orientation strategy, system and training will allow astronauts to have a systematic preparation for complex mission scenarios where spatial operations and efficient interactions and communications are required among the Earth-based control center, lander(s), lunar vehicle(s), outposts and astronauts. This capability is extremely important for lunar operations that will have an extensive traversing region.

The NSBRI Spatial Orientation Task completed all aims, contributing to closure of the HCI guidelines gap.  This project provided a solution for reducing/removing the risk of spatial disorientation during lunar surface operations. Characteristics of this solution can be evaluated to determine relevant content and guidelines for the Human Interface Design Handbook (HIDH).

1. Human-Computer Interaction with Multi-Monitor Consoles: Determine the optimal balance between number of display units and number of display formats for display format navigation. Determine optimal default configurations to minimize display navigation. Synthesize all data to form recommendations for optimal configurations for different scenarios.
2. Color Coding: Determine optimal use of color coding with text and graphics using the caution and warning domain as a case study.
3. Readability under Vibration: Build upon FY09 investigations on the effects of vibration on visual performance: continue research in the vibration facility, focusing on overall text readability, optimal font size, optimal line spacing, and understanding the effects of peak versus continuous vibration.
4. System Health and Status Indicators: Through literature review, determine a small set of promising approaches for indicating health and status in displays having constrained real estate. This would serve as pre-work for a potential future-year research effort.
5. Speech Alarms and Effects Of Alarm Source: Build upon FY09 work, expanding the investigation of speech alarms as primary and secondary alerts. Include the impact of the alert source (speaker, headset).
6. Effects Of Vibration on Speech Intelligibility: Build upon the FY09 speech analysis and complete a study of speech intelligibility under different levels of vibration.
7. Spatial Auditory Displays: Build upon FY08 initial development efforts in ambient auditory displays for situational awareness (SA) to conduct an evaluation of a prototype spatial auditory display that enhances SA and provides navigational cues during suited operations.

1. Electronic procedures formatting: Use past study data on electronic procedures use to characterize users’ “look forward” and “look back” behaviors when working with a list of procedures. This will aid in the development of standards for electronic procedures lists and the location of the active line.

2. Develop enhanced understanding of viewer information acquisition strategies during off-nominal vehicle operations: Within the context of a fault management scenario with an advanced caution and warning system, we will compare information acquisition strategies (sequences of fixations) and fault management performance across two display conditions.

1. Enhance the utility of Spatial Disorientation Analysis Tool (SDAT)/Spatial Oreintation Aididng System (SOAS) by including appropriate mathematical models for vestibular and visual sensory cues, and Central Nervous System (CNS) gravito-inertial force resolution into perceived tilt and translation estimates from Massachusetts Institute of Technologys (MIT) Observer model, and revalidating it using existing aeronautical data sets.
2. Extend the models to describe zero gravity, Shuttle, and Altair landing illusions, validating the models using Shuttle and Altair simulator data sets, current theories (e.g., rotation otolith tilt-translation reinterpretation (ROTTR) observer or Bayesian particle filter), as well as archived Apollo lunar module data, if available.
3. Extend SDAT/SOAS to consider multiple visual frames of reference, the effects of visual attention and sensory workload, and the cognitive costs of mental rotation and reorientation. The enhanced SDAT/SOAS from Aims 1-3 will be validated via simulator and/or flight experiments.
4. SOAS will be tailored for a lunar landing, using multi-sensory workload to choose appropriate countermeasures and their timing.

The NSBRI Spatial Disorientation Task completed all aims, contributing to closure of the HCI guidelines gap.  A series of studies and collaboration with outside labs (e.g., US Army Aeromedical Research Lab) led to a new frame of reference transformation tool, which is a design aid for vehicle control-display engineers. The tool will help designers objectively assess the costs of frame-of-reference transformations in terms of increased workload, slower response times and more control reversal errors. Characteristics of this solution can be evaluated to determine relevant content and guidelines for the Human Interface Design Handbook (HIDH).

1. Examine the nature of anticipated sensorimotor difficulties (e.g., spatial disorientation, limits on terrain perception) as they affect the transition from automatic to manual control;
2. Develop and evaluate advanced display countermeasures for enhancing situation and terrain awareness and for overcoming performance limitations caused by reduced visibility associated with lunar lighting, terrain reflectivity and the absence of atmosphere utilizing Draper Laboratory's fixed-base lunar lander cockpit simulator for full human-in-the-loop evaluation;
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of the cockpit displays during human-in-the-loop manual control in the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) Tilt-Translation Sled (TTS) during "critical" and "hover" tasks testing the tilt-translation and tilt-gain illusions of altered acceleration sensitivity as it applies to lunar gravity following a period of weightlessness; and
4. Perform a series of evaluations of the displays using the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratorys six-degree-of-freedom helicopter simulator as a lunar landing analog for replicating lunar lighting and the various parameters associated with dust "brownout" conditions.

Aim 1- Identify changes in brain structure, function, and network integrity as a function of 60 days head down tilt bed rest and characterize their time course:  We will acquire brain structural and functional images at two time points pre, two time points during, and three time points post bed rest in 15 individuals and 15 age- and gender-matched controls.  We hypothesize that bed rest participants will exhibit changes from pre to post the intervention that are significantly greater than those seen in control participants across the same time period.  Scans conducted during and following bed rest will characterize the time course of changes and recovery. 

Aim 2- Specify relationships between structural and functional brain changes and performance and characterize their time course:  We will administer a broad ranging battery of sensory, motor, and cognitive assessments at the time points described for Aim 1.  We hypothesize that bed rest participants will exhibit pre- to post-intervention decrements in sensorimotor performance as we have shown in our past work, which will correlate with the neural changes identified under Aim 1.  Additionally, for some measures and time points, we expect that there will be no performance effects despite alterations in brain structure and function due to compensatory brain processes that will be identifiable with neuroimaging approaches.

This task also informs VIIP1 gap and the HCI and BMed Risks.

Aim 1: Support ISS Program evaluation of crew self-scheduling and plan execution through Playbook, providing a platform for future research on crew autonomy for deep space mission operations as well as an assessment of the potential for limited crew self-scheduling in more near-term ISS operations.

Aim 2: Provide Playbook as an operations tool to increase the realism and efficiency of the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) and NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) analogs.

Aim 3: Determine the appropriate level of information (e.g., constraints, plan complexity) required for crewmembers to schedule their time autonomously with limited ground support by unobtrusively (through automated software logging) gathering and analyzing Playbook use data.

Aim 4: Characterize task workload (e.g. time spent planning versus execution of plans, time on self-scheduled activities) of crewmembers completing and executing self-scheduling tasks by unobtrusively (through automated software logging) gathering and analyzing initial Playbook use data.