HRR - Gap - SANS1: We do not know the etiological mechanisms and contributing risk factors for ocular structural and functional changes seen in-flight and postflight.

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SANS1: We do not know the etiological mechanisms and contributing risk factors for ocular structural and functional changes seen in-flight and postflight.

This Gap was split into the following Gaps:

SANS-201: Determine if altered atmospheric conditions (e.g., elevated ambient CO2, mild hypoxia from exploration atmosphere) has a contributing role in the development of ocular manifestations.

SANS-202: Determine if genetic/metabolic/anatomic dispositions and biomarkers, and sex differences have a contributing role in the development of ocular manifestations.

SANS-203: Determine if radiation has a contributing role in the development of ocular manifestations.

SANS-204: Determine if sleep/glymphatics has a contributing role in the development of ocular manifestations.

SANS-101: Determine the relationship between fluid shifts and ocular manifestations in astronauts during spaceflight.

SANS-102: Determine the relationship between the fluid-shifts induced ocular changes and fluid shifts in the CNS, including whether elevated intracranial pressure or brain edema play a role.

SANS-104: Determine whether ocular manifestations can be induced by fluid shifts in rodents and whether this model can be used for more detailed mechanistic insights.

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