HRR - Gap - Sleep Gap 5: We need to identify environmental specifications and operational regimens for using light to prevent and mitigate health and performance decrements due to sleep, circadian, and neurobehavioral disruption, for flight, surface and ground crews, during all phases of spaceflight operations.

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Sleep Gap 5: We need to identify environmental specifications and operational regimens for using light to prevent and mitigate health and performance decrements due to sleep, circadian, and neurobehavioral disruption, for flight, surface and ground crews, during all phases of spaceflight operations.

Content in this Gap was merged from 1 other Gap

Last Published: 07/31/19 10:05:30 AM (Central)

Responsible Element: Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP)

Status: Open

Description

a)    Initial State

NSBRI and BHP supported research has helped inform the optimal use of light (timing, duration, intensity, and spectral power distribution) as a countermeasure. As a result of these studies, recommendations have been provided for the ISS vehicle, and an evidence-based flexible lighting system will be implemented starting in 2015. Planned research will help to validate recommended protocols for this system. Additional work is needed however to help develop individualized protocols for using light.

b)    Target for Closure

An identified set of validated lighting countermeasure regimens that integrate lighting properties (timing, duration, intensity and spectral power distribution) to provide:
(1) Individualized operational protocols that optimize countermeasure effectiveness;
(2) Hardware specifications for future vehicles that enable a flexible lighting system for autonomous, long duration and/or distance exploration missions.

c)    Metrics for Interim Progress

(1) Conduct laboratory investigations evaluating the effect of varying light sources on sleep, circadian rhythms, and performance (25%);
(2) Develop initial protocols for testing the use of light on ISS (in-house and current NSBRI investigation) (2%);
(3) Implement study on ISS to validate lighting protocols with ISS flexible lighting system (starting 2015), assessing lighting protocol effects on performance through biomarkers identified in Sleep Gap 4 (25%); Capture ‘lessons learned’ from lighting countermeasure in space, for future vehicles (5%);
(4) Conduct Lighting Workshop to further define needed research & technology development for light in exploration class vehicles (3%);
(5) Evaluate neurobehavioral effects of light and new lighting systems in laboratory & analog research to further the use of light as a countermeasure for long duration exploration missions (also for the Bmed risk) (25%);
(6) Enhance predictive models that integrate lighting properties (intensity, duration, timing) to also include spectral power distribution (10%);
(7) Provide updated information to NASA medical operations and habitat designers regarding new evidence and enhanced lighting requirements that can optimize effectiveness and minimize crew resource requirements (5%);
(8) Update requirements and clinical guidelines, as appropriate, for using light as a countermeasure for sleep loss, circadian misalignment, and performance (and a clinical countermeasure – Bmed) (ongoing).

d)    Approach

NASA and NSBRI have invested in (1) and (2), and as a result an ISS countermeasure will be implemented. The field is young however and more efficient uses of light (e.g., less power, crew time) should be determined for exploration. BHP will remain connected to those in the circadian, sleep, and photobiology communities to understand what other agencies’ investigations are funding and how the science funded externally can inform NASA efforts.

Target for Closure

No Target for Closure available.

Mappings

Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload

Active

Testing solid state lighting countermeasures to improve circadian adaptation, sleep, and performance during high fidelity analog and flight studies for the International Space Station

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Brainard, George

Short Title: Lighting Effects

Responsible HRP Element: Human Factors and Behavioral Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

Funding Status: Active - Currently funded and in progress

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:
Currently, the fluorescent-based “General Luminaire Assemblies” (GLAs) on the International Space Station (ISS) are reportedly dim and burning out. Crewmembers have complained about the lack of intensity in these lights, and their dim and static nature may be associated with circadian misalignment and sleep loss experienced on orbit.

As a result of a multi-disciplinary effort based out of the Johnson Space Center, in 2010 the ISS Program agreed to fund a new LED-based lighting system, called the Solid State Light Assemblies (SSLAs), for the ISS vehicle. This system will enable crewmembers to quickly adjust brightness and wavelength of the lights so lighting can support crew vision and provide a crew health countermeasure for circadian entrainment, sleep shifting, enhancing alertness and performance. Specifically, crewmembers will be able to toggle between a high intensity light enriched in the “blue” portion of the spectrum for the morning, night time operations and schedule shifting (“Phase Shift”); a crisp daytime light to support visual acuity (“General Vision”); and a low intensity, non-blue enriched light in the evening (“Pre Sleep”).

The requirements for this lighting system were based on the best available scientific evidence, as well as technical constraints of the ISS vehicle (e.g., no wireless configuration)

The purpose of this task is to evaluate on the ISS whether the proposed lighting protocols using the SSLAs on orbit lead to their intent of maintaining circadian alignment and promoting sleep at night and performance during the day, and, as needed, during night time operations. A preliminary ground analog study in a high-fidelity laboratory analog will precede the flight portion of this investigation.

Findings will be relevant for the Space Human Factors and Habitability (SHFH) Element vehicle and habitat development, and will inform medical protocols for using light as a non-pharmaceutical countermeasure for circadian desynchronization on orbit.

Resources (Flight, Other)

Deliverables (1)

Lighting Protocols for Exploration - HERA Campaign

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Lockley, Steven

Short Title: Exploration Lighting Protocols

Responsible HRP Element: Human Factors and Behavioral Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

Funding Status: Active - Currently funded and in progress

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:

The overall goal of this project is to study how a programmable solid state lighting system would be used operationally to improve sleep, enhance alertness and performance, maintain optimal circadian entrainment, and readapt circadian phase if the circadian misalignment occurs, in a high fidelity simulation of the International Space Station (ISS) lighting environment, such as the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA). The HERA has been fitted with programmable LED lighting that is representative of the new solid state light assemblies (SSLAs) to be installed on the ISS. The new SSLAs incorporate three pre-determined settings to address different operational needs: 1) white light for general vision; 2) blue-enriched high intensity white light to enhance alertness and circadian adaptation; 3) blue-depleted low intensity white light to minimize alertness prior to sleep. A Dynamic Lighting Schedule (DLS) has been developed to determine when each of these three settings will be used to optimize lighting to improve alertness and performance, reset circadian rhythms and enhance sleep, while maintaining vision. This project will apply the DLS in the HERA as the next step in examining the feasibility and efficacy of the SSLA system, and to provide the testing necessary to finalize the operational procedures for in-flight testing of the new lights aboard ISS.

The specific aims of this study are:

In a series of 30-day 2016 HERA Campaign missions, conduct randomized crossover within-subject clinical trials to test the hypotheses that deployment of the DLS, as compared to deployment of a standard, static lighting schedule, and while also maintaining acceptable visual performance and color discrimination for operational tasks, will:

i) significantly improve polysomnographic and subjective measures of sleep latency, sleep quality and sleep efficiency;

ii) significantly improve cognitive performance, subjective alertness and mood, and objective EEG correlates of alertness (suppression of EEG-derived delta-theta activity [0.5-5.5 Hz]) and enhancement of EEG-derived high-alpha activity [10.5-12 Hz]);

iii) significantly increase the rate of circadian adaptation, as measured using the circadian rhythm of melatonin and its metabolites before and after the shift.

The results of this investigation will yield knowledge needed for implementing a light countermeasure in the operational environment (specifically, ISS) as well as laying the ground work for testing the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of alternative protocols (e.g., pulsing) for Exploration vehicles.

Resources (Ground Analog)

Deliverables (3)

Category: Countermeasure
Subcategory: Protocol

Description:
A report documenting recommendations for testing and implementing a flexible lighting schedule on ISS; recommendations for future research using alternative lighting protocols (e.g. pulsing) for Exploration; results regarding the effectiveness and acceptability of ambient light exposure as a physiological countermeasure in-flight.

Mitigates risk by providing a countermeasure for circadian entrainment/shifting, sleep, alertness and performance.

Internal Customers:
Human Factors and Behavioral Performance
External Customers:
None Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required? No

Category: Countermeasure
Subcategory: Protocol

Description:
Requirements for a flexible lighting system on future spaceflight vehicles to ensure light as a physiological countermeasure inflight. Mitigates risk by providing a countermeasure for circadian entrainment/shifting, sleep, alertness and performance.

Internal Customers:
None External Customers:
Future Exploration Program
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required? No

Category: Countermeasure
Subcategory: Protocol

Description:
Protocols/operational regimens that minimize human resource constraints while enabling light to serve as a countermeasure for maintaining circadian alignment. Mitigates risk by providing a countermeasure for circadian entrainment/shifting, sleep, alertness and performance.

Internal Customers:
None External Customers:
Med Ops - Medical Operations
Is a Customer-Supplier Agreement (CSA) Required? Yes

Completed

Ultra-Short Light Pulses as Efficient Countermeasures for Circadian Misalignment and Objective Performance and Subjective Alertness Decrements

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Klerman, Elizabeth

Short Title: Light Pulse CM

Responsible HRP Element: Human Factors and Behavioral Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:

SA1) test the hypotheses that deployment of the Dynamic Lighting Schedule using high color temperature intermittent light; (1) will significantly increase the rate of circadian adaptation per minute of light exposure, as measured using Dim Light Melatonin Onset before and after the shift, and (2) will significantly improve cognitive performance, subjective alertness and objective EEG correlates of alertness (suppression of EEG-derived delta-theta activity [0.5-5.5 Hz]) and enhancement of EEG-derived high-alpha activity [10.5-12 Hz]) per minute of light exposure as compared to continuous light during the most efficient schedule (gradual or acute shift of the sleep-wake cycle) determined by a separately funded NSBRI research grant.

SA2) amend their mathematical model of the effects of light on the human circadian pacemaker and the linked model of the effects of length of time awake and circadian phase on performance and alertness to include results using the new ISS lighting: circadian phase-shifting, wavelength-specific, and direct alerting effects.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

The ISS Dynamic Lighting Schedule: An in-flight lighting countermeasure to facilitate circadian adaptation, improve sleep and enhance alertness and performance on the International Space Station

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Lockley, Steven

Short Title: ISS Dynamic Lighting

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:
The current proposal will study how the new lights installed aboard the ISS would be used operationally to address the problems associated with a slam shift, which is a common requirement during ISS operations, in a high-fidelity simulation of the ISS lighting environment, sleep patterns, and work schedule. The study will provide the data necessary to inform the operational guidelines for in-flight testing of the new light source.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Sleep Workshop

Task Book: Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator: N/A

Short Title: Sleep Workshop

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Directed

Aims:
The goal of the workshop will be to pull together the evidence to support: 1) elevation of the Sleep risk posture from green to yellow; 2) inclusion of health outcomes in the Sleep risk title which currently focuses solely on performance); and 3) future collaborations between different disciplines.

The BHP Element is partnering with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) to conduct this workshop. In addition, BHP plans to collaborate with the Human Health Countermeasures (HHC), Space Human Factors and Habitability (SHFH), and Space Radiation (SR) Elements.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Feasibility Pilot Study on Acute Biological and Behavioral Responses to the Solid State Lighting Modules for the International Space Station

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Brainard, George

Short Title: SSLM

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Directed

Aims:

1) Build a simulation of the ISS Crew Quarters with both internal and external illumination provided by SSLMs.

2) Run three-day studies with a single volunteer each, collecting data on visual sensitivity, melatonin secretion, subjective alertness, objective alertness, neurobehavioral responses and polysomnography.

3) Analyze the data and write a project report with recommendations based on the pilot study results.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Blue Light for Enhancing Alertness in Space Missions

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Brainard, George

Short Title: Blue Light Alertness

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Directed

Aims:
The aim is to study the efficacy of blue-enriched polychromatic solid-state light for acutely enhancing alertness and cognitive performance in healthy men and women.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Characteristics of Light Exposure Necessary for Development of Optimal Countermeasures to Facilitate Circadian Adaptation and Enhance Alertness and Cognitive Performance in Space

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Lockley, Steven

Short Title: Light CM Timing and Intensity

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:

Compare the melatonin suppression, phase resetting and alerting effects of exposure to dim 460 nm and 555 nm monochromatic light exposures at night, and compare these data to previously collected findings for bright light exposure at night using the same protocol.
Test the effects of exposure to bright 460 nm and 555 nm monochromatic light during the daytime.
Test the effects of exposure to dim 460 nm and 555 nm monochromatic light during the daytime.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Evaluation of Photic Countermeasures for Circadian Entrainment of Neurobehavioral Performance and Sleep-Wake Regulation Before and During Spaceflight

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Czeisler, Charles

Short Title: Blue versus White Light

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:

1. Test the hypothesis that exposure to ambient polychromatic short wavelength light from fluorescent lamps will be more effective than exposure to an equal illuminance of ambient polychromatic white light from standard fluorescent lamps in shifting the circadian rhythms of test subjects, as measured by dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), in response to both a gradual 8-hour advance and to an abrupt shift of their sleep-wake schedule.

2. Test the hypothesis that alertness and neurobehavioral performance in dim light on a constant routine during times at which crew members should be awake on the simulated mission will be significantly greater following 4-5 days of exposure to ambient polychromatic green light vs. ambient white light of equal illuminance, due to more effective circadian entrainment.

3. Test the hypothesis that alertness and neurobehavioral performance will be significantly better on the first night of exposure to ambient polychromatic short wavelength light vs. ambient white light of equal illuminance, prior to the induced circadian phase shifts, due to the immediate alerting effects of exposure to ambient polychromatic short wavelength light.

4. Test the hypothesis that sleep efficiency and total sleep time will be significantly increased and latency to persistent sleep and wake time after sleep onset will be significantly decreased during the sleep episode following 4-5 days of exposure to ambient polychromatic green light vs. ambient white light of equal illuminance, due to more effective circadian entrainment.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Optimizing Light for Long Duration Space Exploration

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Brainard, George

Short Title: Optimizing Light

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:

1. Assess the ocular safety of light exposure from LEDs at intensity levels higher than those currently specified for visual stimulation in space habitats.

2. Determine the acute neuroendocrine, alerting, and performance enhancing potency of the ambient extraterrestrial light as filtered through spacesuit visors or glazed windows for Moon and Mars missions. Test the hypothesis that ambient lunar and Martian light, as filtered through spacesuit visors, will suppress melatonin less and will be weaker for enhancing alertness and performance compared to ambient daylight on Earth.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Replacement Lighting for Research and Training

Task Book: Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator: Leveton, Lauren

Short Title: Replacement Lighting

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Directed

Aims:
Transition lighting requirements to the ISS.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Operational Evaluation of Photic Countermeasure to Improve Alertness, Performance, and Mood during Nightshift Work on a 105-Day Study (105-day Russian Chamber Study)

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Czeisler, Charles

Short Title: RCS-105 Photic CM

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Directed

Aims:

The success of long-duration missions depends on the ability of the crew to be alert and maintain high levels of cognitive function while operating complex, technical equipment. Optimal human health, performance and safety during spaceflight requires sufficient sleep and synchrony between the circadian pacemaker which regulates the timing of sleep, endocrine function, alertness and performance and the timing of the imposed sleep-wake schedule.

Crew members of the 105-day experiment will be required to work one night shift every fifth night. This schedule will likely result in sleep loss and circadian misalignment, especially when lighting conditions are similar to those experienced during spaceflight. Mission controllers will work 24-hour shifts, also resulting in both sleep loss and circadian misalignment. It has been well documented in laboratory and field studies that both working the night shift and working extended-duration shifts result in negative effects on alertness, performance and mood.

This study will validate the efficacy and operational feasibility of a lighting countermeasure to improve alertness and performance during night-shift work occurring during long-duration space missions.

Specific Aims

1. Evaluate the feasibility of monitoring sleep and circadian neuroendocrine rhythms during the 105-day experiment.

2. Test the hypothesis that sleep, alertness, performance and mood will be impaired during acute circadian misalignment associated with night-shift work operations.

3. Test the hypothesis that alertness, performance and mood of crew members exposed to shorter wavelength light (between 485 to 525 nm) during the night shift in the console monitoring room will be significantly better than when those same crew members are exposed to intermediate (545 to 555 nm) or longer (620 to 690 nm) wavelength light during the night shift.

4. Test the hypothesis that the alertness, performance and mood of the external mission controllers will be impaired during the final third of their extended-duration, 24-hour work shift as compared with the first third of that same work shift.

5. Test the hypothesis that the alertness, performance and mood of external missions controllers exposed to shorter wavelength light during the final third of their extended-duration work shift will be significantly better than when those same crew members are exposed to intermediate or longer wavelength light during the night shift.

Throughout the 105-day experiment, a variety of measurements will be obtained to assess sleep, performance, alignment of the circadian system, and melatonin levels. If a lighting countermeasure proves effective, it could negate or reduce the need for pharmaceutical interventions, with potentially lingering side effects, during long missions. A lighting countermeasure could also be beneficial in other unusual non-24 hour lighting cycles and may negate the effects of fatigue on work performance.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

A Model of Circadian Disruption in the Space Environment

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Menaker, Michael

Short Title: Circadian Disruption

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Solicited

Aims:

SPECIFIC AIM I: Using rhythms of gene expression reported by a luciferase transgene, we will identify the signals linking brain and peripheral oscillators.

SPECIFIC AIM II: We will evaluate potential countermeasures by exposing our experimental animals to conditions that disrupt the normal circadian phase map and then determining if the potential countermeasures are able to restore it rapidly.

SPECIFIC AIM III: Investigate the effects of chronic low dose methamphetamine in synchronizing disrupted rhythms and evaluate related drugs as potential countermeasures.

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

Evidence Review: long term safety effects of low spectrum light exposure

Task Book: Entry Unavailable
Principal Investigator: Tosini, Gianluca

Short Title: Low Spectrum Light Safety Effects

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Directed

Aims:
Evaluate evidence regarding long term exposure to low spectrum light

Resources (None Listed)

Deliverables (1)

A Comprehensive Fatigue Management Program and an Evaluation of a Photic Countermeasure for Mission Controllers

Task Book: Entry
Principal Investigator: Czeisler, Charles

Short Title: FMC

Responsible HRP Element: Behavioral Health and Performance

Collaborating Org(s):

Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable

Procurement Mechanism(s):

Directed

Aims:
The aim of the investigation is to assess a Comprehensive Police Fatigue Management Program for flight mission controllers. The goals of this program are to reduce the adverse consequences of fatigue on the mission controllers’ alertness, performance, health, and safety. The overall goals include developing an online education training module & an efficient sleep disorders screening, as well as evaluate the acceptability, feasibility and efficacy of a shorter wavelength photic countermeasure and an exercise protocol, during operational night shifts. The results will inform work-hour policies and guidelines that can be implemented to improve the alertness, performance, health, and safety of mission controllers.

This task has been conducted collaboratively with the Mission Operations Directorate.

Resources (Other)

Deliverables (1)

Documentation:

No Documentation Available

Related Gaps (10)

CBS-BMed1: We need to identify and validate countermeasures that promote individual behavioral health and performance during exploration class missions.

Common Item(s)
	Testing solid state lighting countermeasures to improve circadian adaptation, sleep, and performance during high fidelity analog and flight studies for the International Space Station

Sleep3: Does sleep loss continue on long duration spaceflight or is there adaptation? What is the nature of circadian desynchronization, extended wakefulness and work overload over long duration missions? (Closed)

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload

BMed7: We need to identify and validate effective methods for modifying the habitat/vehicle environment to mitigate the negative psychological and behavioral effects of environmental stressors (e.g., isolation, confinement, reduced sensory stimulation) likely to be experienced in the long duration spaceflight environment.

Common Item(s)
	Testing solid state lighting countermeasures to improve circadian adaptation, sleep, and performance during high fidelity analog and flight studies for the International Space Station

Sleep Gap 1: We need to identify a set of validated and minimally obtrusive tools to monitor and measure sleep-wake activity and associated performance changes for spaceflight.

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload

Sleep Gap 2: We need to understand the contribution of sleep loss, circadian desynchronization, extended wakefulness and work overload, on individual health (physical and behavioral), team functioning, and performance (including operational performance), for spaceflight.

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload

Sleep Gap 4: We need to identify indicators of individual vulnerabilities and resiliencies to sleep loss and circadian rhythm disruption, to aid with individualized countermeasure regimens, for autonomous, long duration and/or distance exploration missions.

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload

Sleep Gap 6: We need to identify how individual crew members can most effectively and safely use medications to promote sleep, alertness, and circadian entrainment, as needed during all phases of spaceflight operations.

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload

Sleep Gap 8: We need to develop individualized scheduling tools that predict the effects of sleep-wake cycles, light and other countermeasures on performance, and can be used to identify optimal (and vulnerable) performance periods during spaceflight.

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload

Sleep Gap 9: We need to identify an integrated, individualized suite of countermeasures and protocols for implementing these countermeasures to prevent and/or treat chronic partial sleep loss, work overload, and/or circadian shifting, in spaceflight.

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload
	Testing solid state lighting countermeasures to improve circadian adaptation, sleep, and performance during high fidelity analog and flight studies for the International Space Station

Sleep Gap 10: We need to identify the spaceflight environmental and mission factors that contribute to sleep decrements and circadian misalignment, and their acceptable levels of risk.

Common Item(s)
	Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload
	Testing solid state lighting countermeasures to improve circadian adaptation, sleep, and performance during high fidelity analog and flight studies for the International Space Station

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PRRs (1)

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Ground-Based Flight Analogs	Controlled Research Analog, Short Duration (2 months or less) – isolated and confined with spaceflight mission scenario [e.g., HERA, NEEMO]
Number of Subjects	16